典型亚热带热分层水库秋季细菌群落垂直分布

水库在我国东南沿海地区是重要的饮用水水源地,对地区经济发展和社会稳定起到重要作用。选择亚热带地区典型的热分层水库——福建莆田东圳水库,于2011年秋季稳定分层期,以水体温度的垂直变化特征为依据进行分层采样。应用PCRDGGE和克隆测序的方法研究浮游细菌群落的垂直分布特征,利用多元统计分析揭示细菌群落与热分层水体理化指标之间的关系。结果显示:溶解氧、电导率、叶绿素a、总氮、氨氮及硝氮在上下层水体中的分布有显著差异,下层缺氧区细菌的ShannonWiener指数和DGGE条带数明显高于上层好氧区,表明东圳水库热分层水体中存在明显的物理、化学及生物分层现象。测序结果表明β-变形菌可能是东圳水库中占优势的细菌类群,统计结果提示溶解氧是显著影响细菌群落组成的环境因子。热分层水体的物理化学分层与水体细菌群落结构密切相关,提示水库生态学研究应对水体热分层给予重视。     

Diet and mobility in a late neolithic population of coastal oman inferred from radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis

In Oman, the presence of highly productive marine environments, coupled with relatively limited land resources, have led to intense exploitation of coastal resources, but the question of the seasonality of occupation of coastal sites remains open. Our aim is to evaluate the contribution of marine resources to the diet of the Neolithic population of Ra's al‐Hamra 5 (RH‐5) to shed new light on its mobility, using stable isotopes and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating as dietary tracers. Charcoal, shell, human bone and enamel apatite from eight contemporary graves were sampled. Graves are thought to provide the best chance to obtain marine and terrestrial remains that were contemporary with the human remains in order to calculate the marine reservoir effect (MRE) for this period. Inter‐individual variation in human bone apatite δ¹³C value is small, suggesting a homogenous diet. Bone apatite ¹⁴C ages are very close to the shell ages while enamel is significantly younger and plots near the charcoal ages. Older enamel ages were obtained when a stronger acetic treatment was used, demonstrating that the young ages are due to diagenetic alteration rather than a diachronic change in diet and that only bone apatite retained in vivo dietary signals. Bone ages indicate a heavy reliance on marine resources and it is therefore unlikely that the individuals analyzed here were leaving the coast seasonally, although mobility along the coast cannot be excluded. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:353–364, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Metals,trace elements,and organochlorine compounds in bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake,Kansas, U.S.A.

Bottom-sediment cores were used to investigate the occurrence of 44 metals and trace elements, and 15 organochlorine compounds in Tuttle Creek Lake, a reservoir with an agricultural basin in northeast Kansas, U.S.A. On the basis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment-quality guidelines, concentrations of Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn frequently or typically exceeded the threshold-effects levels for toxic biological effects. Organochlorine compounds either were not detected or were detected at concentrations generally below the threshold-effects levels. Statistically significant positive depositional trends were determined for several elements. However, because the vertical profiles of element concentrations typically indicated a bimodal distribution and much of the variability could be attributable to analytical variance, the statistical trends may not represent actual trends. DDE concentrations reflected the history of DDT use. Substantial increases in grain corn and soybean production, irrigated land, and hog production in the basin have not had a discernible effect on sediment quality in the reservoir. Future research focused on small impoundments throughout the basin may enhance understanding of the effects of human activity on sediment quality within the Tuttle Creek Lake system and elsewhere.     

广东省大中型供水水库营养现状及浮游生物的响应

于2000年调查了广东省18座大中型供水水库的水质现状并探讨了浮游生物对营养水平的响应。总氮、总磷、透明度和叶绿素a分别为0．15～7.15mg／L、0．003～0．387mg／L、0．4～6．3m和0．6～32．3ug／L。总氮、总磷、透明度均与叶绿素a呈较高的相关性。根据这4个因子的综合加权营养状态指数为23．7～55．1,季节差异不大,大多数水库处于中营养状态。金藻在中-富及富营养型水库中没有分布,而蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和甲藻在调查水库中均有比较广的营养生态位,但它们的密度及相对优势度在各营养型水库中有一定的差异。高营养水平水库有较高的细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。营养水平较低的水库浮游植物以硅藻-甲藻、硅藻-绿藻或金藻-硅藻为主;营养水平较高的水库以蓝藻-硅藻或蓝藻-绿藻为主,并有较高的裸藻密度。浮游动物基本上以桡足类为优势种群,但在中-富营养和富营养型水库中,哲水蚤种类比低营养型水库中少。枝角类优势种类在各营养型水库差别不大。轮虫对水体营养水平的响应相对比较显著。低营养水平水库的轮虫以广营养型、中营养型或寡中营养型种类为主,种类数目比较少;富营养和中-富营养型水库的轮虫以喜在中营养到富营养条件下生长的种类为主,且轮虫种类数目比较多。     

Exploring human-animal host interactions and emergence of COVID-19: Evolutionary and ecological dynamics

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that emerged in December 2019 had caused substantial morbidity and mortality at the global level within few months. It affected economies, stopped travel, and isolated individuals and populations around the world. Wildlife, especially bats, serve as reservoirs of coronaviruses from which the variant Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged that causes COVID-19. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on COVID-19 and the significance of wildlife hosts in its emergence. Mammalian and avian coronaviruses have diverse host ranges with distinct lineages of coronaviruses. Recombination and reassortments occur more frequently in mixed-animal markets where diverse viral genotypes intermingle. Human coronaviruses have evolved through gene gains and losses primarily in interfaces where wildlife and humans come in frequent contact. There is a gap in our understanding of bats as reservoirs of coronaviruses and there is a misconception that bats periodically transmit coronaviruses to humans. Future research should investigate bat viral diversity and loads at interfaces between humans and bats. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to evaluate viral strains circulating in mixed animal markets, where the coronaviruses circulated before becoming adapted to humans. We propose and discuss a management intervention plan for COVID-19 and raise questions on the suitability of current containment plans. We anticipate that more virulent coronaviruses could emerge unless proper measures are taken to limit interactions between diverse wildlife and humans in wild animal markets.     

Distribution pattern of the dinoflagellateCeratium hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Bergh in a reservoir

Horizontal distribution of the dinoflagellateCeratium hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Bergh in the Ishitegawa Reservoir, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, was investigated. Water quality was also surveyed. It was observed that the population ofC. hirundinella exponentially decreased in number from the head of the reservoir to the dam site. Further investigation proved thatC. hirundinella initiated growth at the head of the reservoir, and later gradually expanded downstream. It was found during the period of increase in water temperature that the cell density ofC. hirundinella at the uppermost station exponentially increased.     

The influence of a deep-storage reservoir on the physicochemical limnology of a Central Texas River

A study was conducted to determine a physicochemical profile of a new deep-storage reservoir and to determine the influence of impoundment and thermal stratification in the reservoir on the physicochemical limnology of the parent river. The presence of thermal stratification from May through November caused the most significant change in water conditions. Of 23 parameters studied, 12 remained unchanged, 10 improved, and 2 deteriorated (Table VI).The greatest downstream changes in water conditions from those upstream from the reservoir were a decrease in temperature, an increase of ammonia, and the presence of hydrogen sulfide during the period of thermal stratification. Ammonia did not increase to a level considered to be toxic to aquatic species. It could, however, serve as a nutrient for certain species of plants and result in a change in community structure.Water tempeature downstream from the reservoir was always within the annual temperature range of the river upstream from the reservoir; however, the summer maximum in the tailrace was decreased to a temperature that could interfere wih the normal life cycle of many species.